The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the chronic administration of methionine (Met) and/or its metabolite, methionine sulfoxide (MetO), on the behavior and neurochemical parameters of young rats. Rats were treated with saline (control), Met (0.2-0.4 g/kg), MetO (0.05-0.1 g/kg), and/or a combination of Met + MetO, subcutaneously twice a day from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P28. The results showed that Met, MetO, and Met + MetO impaired short-term and spatial memories (P < 0.05), reduced rearing and grooming (P < 0.05), but did not alter locomotor activity (P > 0.05). Acetylcholinesterase activity was increased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum following Met and/or MetO (P < 0.05) treatment, while Na+, K+-ATPase activity was reduced in the hippocampus (P < 0.05). There was an increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the cerebral cortex in Met-, MetO-, and Met + MetO-treated rats (P < 0.05). Met and/or MetO treatment reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, total thiol content, and nitrite levels, and increased reactive oxygen species and TBARS levels in the hippocampus and striatum (P < 0.05). Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor was reduced by MetO and Met + MetO compared with the control group. The number of NeuN-positive cells was decreased in the CA3 in Met + MetO group and in the dentate gyrus in the Met, MetO, and Met + MetO groups compared to control group (P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings further increase our understanding of changes in the brain in hypermethioninemia by elucidating behavioral alterations, biological mechanisms, and the vulnerability of brain function to high concentrations of Met and MetO.
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/complications , Glycine N-Methyltransferase/deficiency , Hippocampus/pathology , Memory Disorders/etiology , Memory Disorders/pathology , Methionine/analogs & derivatives , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/chemically induced , Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism , Animals , Catalase/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/pathology , Female , Glutathione Peroxidase/deficiency , Glycine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Male , Memory Disorders/metabolism , Memory, Short-Term/drug effects , Methionine/metabolism , Methionine/toxicity , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Spatial Memory/drug effects , Superoxide Dismutase/deficiency , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism
